Abstract
A total of two hundred unsexed broiler chicks aged two weeks were used for six weeks feeding trial
to evaluate growth performance, hematology, and serum biochemistry. In this study, broilers
chicks were fed dietary lemon grass leaf meal at inclusion levels of T1control (0.00%), T2 (1.50%),
T3 (2.25%) and T4 (3.75 %). The weighed broilers were distributed at random among the four
treatment diets. A completely randomized experimental design was used, and each treatment was
replicated five times with ten broilers per replicate. Experimental birds were provided
experimental starter and finisher diets ad-libitum throughout the experimental period at weeks 2
to 4 and 5 to 7 respectively. The experiment revealed that weekly feed intake for week 2, 3, 4 and
6 was significantly affected (P<0.05) except week five. The daily weight gain followed similar
pattern, however significant difference were observed only in week 3, 4 and 7 in all the treatment
groups. There were significant (P<0.05) differences among the dietary groups in week 4, 6 and 7
in terms of feed conversion ratio. White blood cells value of birds fed on control diet 286.07x 109
/dl is similar to 283.37 and 268.67x 109 /dl for T3 and T4. Neutrophil values 14%, 19%,18% and
20% for T1, T2, T3 and T4 were statistically significant (P<0.05) indicating that birds were
challenged with increasing levels of lemon grass leaf meal beyond 3.75%. The results of this study
indicate that birds fed with 1.5% of dietary lemon grass meal was the best among diets with lemon
grass and comparable with the control group in terms of daily weight gain. This implies that birds
fed with 1.5% level lemon grass leaf meal (LGLM) was able to utilize the experimental diet better
than other treatment groups and without detrimental effects.
References
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J.; Kholif, A. E.; and Borhami, B. E. (2015). Effects of exogenous enzymes, Lactobacillus
acidophilus, or their combination on feed performance response and carcass characteristics of
rabbits fed sugarcane bagasse Journal of Integrative Agriculture 14(3): 544–549.
DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(14)60827-3
Abdulrasaq, O. Oyedejia, Titus, A.M. Msagatib, Akan B. Williamsc, Nsikak, and U. Bensonc (2019).
Determination of antibiotic residues in frozen poultry by a solid-phase dispersion method using
liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry,Toxicology Reports, volume 6,
pages 951–956
Abu Hafsa, S. H., Salem, A. Z. M., Hassan, A. A., Kholif, A. E., Elghandour, M. M. Y., Barbabosa, A.,
and Lopez, S. (2016). Digestion, growth performance, and caecal fermentation in growing
rabbits fed diets containing foliage from browse trees World Rabbit Science. 24(4):283–293
Akhtar, M.S., and Riffat, S. (1985). Evaluation of Melia azedarach Linn. seeds (bakain) and piperazine
against Ascaridia galli infection in chickens Pakistan Veterinary Journal 5: 34–37
Alagawany, M.T. El-Saadony, S.S. Elnesr, M. Farahat, G. Attia, M. Madkour, and F.M. Reda (2021).
Use of lemongrass essential oil as a feed additive in quail's nutrition: its effect on growth,
carcass, blood biochemistry, antioxidant and immunological indices, digestive enzymes, and
intestinal microbiota Poultry Science, Volume 100, Issue 6, June 2021, 101172
Berghiche, A. Tarek, K., and Ibtissem, L. (2019). A meta-analysis on antibiotic residues in the meat of
broiler chickens in developing countries Journal of World's Poultry Research 9(2): 89–97
Clinical Diagnostic Division(1990). Veterinary Reference Guide, Eastman Kodak Company,
Rochester, New York.
Dalle Zotte, A., Celia C., and Szendr Z. (2016). Herbs and spices as feedstuffs or additives in growing
rabbit diets and as additives in rabbit meat: a review Livestock Science 189:82–90
Derakhshan, Z. (2018). Survey on the effects of electron beam irradiation on the chemical quality and
sensory properties of quail meat. FoodChemistry Toxicololgy DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.015
Duncan, D.B. (1955). Multiple ranges and multiple F-tests. Biometrics, 11(1):1-4
Duwa, H. Amaza, I. B. Dikko, M. Raymond, J. Paullyne, and U. O. (2020). Effect of ginger (Zingiber
officinale) on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of finisher broiler chickens in
the semi-arid zone of Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 22 (3): 279–286
Elghalid, O. A.; Kholif, A. E.; El-Ashry, G. M.; Matloup, O. H.; Olafadehan, O. A.; El-Raffa, A. M.;
Abd El-Hady, A. M. (2020). Oral supplementation of the diet of growing rabbits with a newlydeveloped mixture of herbal plants and spices enriched with special extracts and essential oils
affects their productive performance and immune status. Livestock Science. 238:104082.
Gabreil, K. O.; Ajayi, I. E.; and Ode, O. J. (2012). Assessment of antimicrobial drug residue in beef in
Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria, Veterinaria Italiana, 48(3), 283-289
Hind, A. Elnasri, Adil, M. Salman, and Samah A. El Rade (2014) Screening of Antibiotic Residues in
Poultry Liver, Kidney, and Muscle in Khartoum State, Sudan Journal of Applied and Industrial
Sciences, 2014, 2 (3): 116–122
Ibrahim, A. (2012) Hematological and some biochemical values of indigenous chickens in Al-Ahsa,
Saudi Arabia, during the summer season Asian Journal. Poultry Science 6(4):138-145
Jain, N.C., (1993). Essential of Veterinary Hematology, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 417
Jammoul, A., and El Darra, N. (2019): Evaluation of Antibiotic Residues in Chicken Meat Samples in
Lebanon Antibiotics, 8: (69).
Kabir, J. Umoh, V.J. Audu-okoh, E. Umoh, J.U. Kwaga, and J.K.P. (2004) Veterinary Drug Use in
Poultry Farms and Determination of Antimicrobial Drug residues in Commercial Eggs and
Slaughtered Chicken in Kaduna State, Nigeria Food Control, 15, 99–105
Karmi, M. (2014). Detection and Presumptive Identification of Antibiotic Residues in Poultry Meat by
Using FPT Global Journal of Pharmacology, 8(2), 160–165
Khattab, M. S. A.; Kholif, A. E.; Abd El Tawab, A. M.; Shaaban, M. M.; Hadhoud, F. I.; El-Fouly, H.
A.; and Olafadehan, O. A. (2020). Effect of replacement of antibiotics with a thyme and celery
seed mixture on the feed intake and digestion, ruminal fermentation, blood chemistry, and milk
lactation of lactating Barki ewes. Food Funct. 11(8):6889–6898. DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00807a
Kholif, A. E., Matloup, O. H., Morsy, T. A., Abdo, M. M., Abu Elella, A. A., Anele, U. Y., and
Swanson, K. C. (2017). Rosemary and lemongrass herbs as phytogenic feed additives to
improve efficient feed utilization, manipulate rumen fermentation, and elevate milk production
in Damascus goats. Livestock Science. 204:39–46.
Kholif, A. E.; Olafadehan, O. A. (2021). Essential oils and phytogenic feed additives in ruminant diets:
chemistry, ruminal microbiota and fermentation, feed utilization, and productive performance
Phytochemistry Reviews 20: 1087–1108
Ladokun, A. O.; Yakubu, A.; Otite, J. R.; Omeje, J. N.; Sokunbi, O. A.; and Onyeji, E. (2008).
Haematological and serum biochemical indices of Naked and Nomally Feathered Nigerian
Indigenous Chicken in the Sub-Humid Tropical Environment. International Journal of Poultry
Science. 7 (1): 55–58. https://doi. org/10.3923/ijps.2008.55.58
Linh, N. T., Guntoro, B. Qui, N. H. Khang, N. D. Dau, N. T., and Vui, N. V. (2020). The effect of a
lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) supplement on growth performance and carcass
characteristics of Pekin ducks Journal of Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, 45(2):136–
142, June 2020
Mary, D. B. (2000) Antibiotic use in animal feed and its impact on human health Nutrition Research
Reviews (2000), 13, 279–299
Matloup, O. H., Abd El Tawab, A. M., Hassan, A. A., Hadhoud, F. I., Khattab, M. S. A., Khalel, M. S.,
Sallam, S. M. A., and Kholif, A. E. (2017). Performance of lactating Friesian cows fed a diet
supplemented with coriander oil: feed intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood
chemistry, and milk production Animal Feed Science and Technology. 226:88–97.
Mitruka, B. M.; Rawnsley, H. M. (1977). Clinical biochemical and hematological reference values in
normal experimental animals USA: Masson Publishing Inc., 1977
Mitruka, H. M., and Rawnsley, S. K. (1997). Chemical, biochemical, and hemological reference values
in normal experimental animals Masson Publishing, New York, USA, 287
Mmereole, F.U.C., (2010). Effects of lemmon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) leaf meal as a feed
supplement on the growth performance of broiler chicks. International Journal of Poultry
Science, 9 (12), 1107–1111.
Mukhtar, A.M., Mohamed, K.A., Amal, O.A., and Ahlam, A.H., (2012). Effect of different levels of
lemongrass oil (LGO) as a natural growth promoter on the performance, carcass yields, and
serum chemistry of broiler chicks. Egyptian Poultry Science, 33(1), 1–7.
Olabode, A.D. Okelola, O.E. Agu, C.I. Adetutu, and O.I. (2020). Growth Performance, Serum
Biochemistry, and Haematological Characteristics of Starter Broilers Fed Graded Levels of
Lemon Grass Leaf Meal International Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences DOI:
10.5281/zenodo.3710781
Ologhobo, A. I.; Jimoh, O. A.; Orscar, T. J.; and Mosenthin, R. (1999). Evaluation of detoxified
Jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis) in broiler starter rations with amino acid supplements Tropical
Journal of Animal Science 1: 117–126.
Parade, A. K. Thombre, B. M. Patil, R. A. Padghan, P. V. Gaikwad, B. S., and Meshram, P. B. (2019).
Use of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Leaf Meal as a Natural Feed Additive on Growth
Performance and Economics of Broilers. International Journal of Current Microbiology and
Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 10
Peters,T., Biamonte,G.T.Doumas,B.T.(1982).Protein (total protein) in serum, urine, and cerebrospinal
fluid; albumin in serum. In: Selected methods of clinical chemistry, Vol.9. (W.R. Faulkner and S.
Meites, eds.) Washington, DC. American Association for Clinical chemistry.
Reinhold, G. J. (1953). Standard methods of clinical chemistry Reiner M. (Edn); Academic Press, New
York
Sariozkan, S., Konca, Y., Kocaoglu, B., Aktug, M. K., Ozkan, S., and Tugrul, S. (2016). The Effect of
Dietary Supplementation of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon Citratus) on Performance, Carcass
Quality, and Marketing of Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) J. Scientific Works, Series C.
Veterinary Medicine, 63(1): 98–103.
SAS (Statistical Analysis System) (2011) SAS Version 9.3 Procedure Guide SAS, Inc., Cary, North
Carolina
Schmidt, E. and Schmidt F. W. (1967). Release of enzyme from the liver Enzyme, Biology Clinical
Vol. 3: 1–8
Schirmeister, J., Willmann, H., and Kiefer, H. (1964). Plasma creatine as an indicator of renal function
Dtsch. Med.Wochenschr. 89: 1018–23.
Siedel, J., Schlumberger H., Klose S., Ziegenhorn J., and Wahlefeld, A.W. (1981). Improved reagent
for the enzymatic determination of serum cholesterol. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and
Clinical Biochemistry Volume 19: 838–842
Swenson, M. J. (1999). Duke’s physiology of domestic animals Constick Publishing Associates, a
division of Cornell University Press, Thecae, London, eleventh edition, pp. 22–48.
Thayalini, K., Shanmugavelu S., Saminathan P.M., Siti Masidayu M.S., Nor Idayusni Y., Zainuddin
H., Nurul Akmal C.A., Wong H.K., (2011). Effects of Cymbopogon citratus leaf and Zingiber
officinale rhizome supplementation on growth performance, ileal morphology, and lactic acid
concentration in broilers. Malaysian Journal of Animal Science, 14:43–49.
Tiwari, M. R., Jha P. K., Sah B., Kunwar G., and Jha A. K. (2018) Performance of Lemongrass
(Cymbopogon citrates) Oil as Growth Promoter in Broiler Bangladesh Journal of Animal
Science, 47(2): 85–91.
Wanapat, M., Cherdthong A, Pakdee P, and Wanapat S. (2008). Manipulation of rumen ecology by
dietary lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.) powder supplementation Journal of Animal
Science 86 (12): 3497–3503. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-0885
Yang, W. Z., C. Benchaar, B. N. Ametaj, A. V. Chaves, M. L. He, and T. A. McAllister (2007). Effects
of garlic and juniper berry essential oils on ruminal fermentation, site, and extent of digestion
in lactating cows Journal of Dairy Science. 90:5671–5681
Yan Yang, Wenqian Qiu, Yuxiang Li, and Lijing Liu (2020). Antibiotic residues in poultry food in
Fujian Province of China, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 13:3, 177-184, DOI:
10.1080/19393210.2020.1751309.
Yasir, D. N., and Ali, N. A. (2021). Effect of adding different levels of lemon grass leaves
(Cymbopogon citratus) to the diet and its extract in drinking water on the productive erformance
of broiler chickens (Ross 308). Journal of Science and Technology Research 1(1), 1-10
J.; Kholif, A. E.; and Borhami, B. E. (2015). Effects of exogenous enzymes, Lactobacillus
acidophilus, or their combination on feed performance response and carcass characteristics of
rabbits fed sugarcane bagasse Journal of Integrative Agriculture 14(3): 544–549.
DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(14)60827-3
Abdulrasaq, O. Oyedejia, Titus, A.M. Msagatib, Akan B. Williamsc, Nsikak, and U. Bensonc (2019).
Determination of antibiotic residues in frozen poultry by a solid-phase dispersion method using
liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry,Toxicology Reports, volume 6,
pages 951–956
Abu Hafsa, S. H., Salem, A. Z. M., Hassan, A. A., Kholif, A. E., Elghandour, M. M. Y., Barbabosa, A.,
and Lopez, S. (2016). Digestion, growth performance, and caecal fermentation in growing
rabbits fed diets containing foliage from browse trees World Rabbit Science. 24(4):283–293
Akhtar, M.S., and Riffat, S. (1985). Evaluation of Melia azedarach Linn. seeds (bakain) and piperazine
against Ascaridia galli infection in chickens Pakistan Veterinary Journal 5: 34–37
Alagawany, M.T. El-Saadony, S.S. Elnesr, M. Farahat, G. Attia, M. Madkour, and F.M. Reda (2021).
Use of lemongrass essential oil as a feed additive in quail's nutrition: its effect on growth,
carcass, blood biochemistry, antioxidant and immunological indices, digestive enzymes, and
intestinal microbiota Poultry Science, Volume 100, Issue 6, June 2021, 101172
Berghiche, A. Tarek, K., and Ibtissem, L. (2019). A meta-analysis on antibiotic residues in the meat of
broiler chickens in developing countries Journal of World's Poultry Research 9(2): 89–97
Clinical Diagnostic Division(1990). Veterinary Reference Guide, Eastman Kodak Company,
Rochester, New York.
Dalle Zotte, A., Celia C., and Szendr Z. (2016). Herbs and spices as feedstuffs or additives in growing
rabbit diets and as additives in rabbit meat: a review Livestock Science 189:82–90
Derakhshan, Z. (2018). Survey on the effects of electron beam irradiation on the chemical quality and
sensory properties of quail meat. FoodChemistry Toxicololgy DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.015
Duncan, D.B. (1955). Multiple ranges and multiple F-tests. Biometrics, 11(1):1-4
Duwa, H. Amaza, I. B. Dikko, M. Raymond, J. Paullyne, and U. O. (2020). Effect of ginger (Zingiber
officinale) on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of finisher broiler chickens in
the semi-arid zone of Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 22 (3): 279–286
Elghalid, O. A.; Kholif, A. E.; El-Ashry, G. M.; Matloup, O. H.; Olafadehan, O. A.; El-Raffa, A. M.;
Abd El-Hady, A. M. (2020). Oral supplementation of the diet of growing rabbits with a newlydeveloped mixture of herbal plants and spices enriched with special extracts and essential oils
affects their productive performance and immune status. Livestock Science. 238:104082.
Gabreil, K. O.; Ajayi, I. E.; and Ode, O. J. (2012). Assessment of antimicrobial drug residue in beef in
Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria, Veterinaria Italiana, 48(3), 283-289
Hind, A. Elnasri, Adil, M. Salman, and Samah A. El Rade (2014) Screening of Antibiotic Residues in
Poultry Liver, Kidney, and Muscle in Khartoum State, Sudan Journal of Applied and Industrial
Sciences, 2014, 2 (3): 116–122
Ibrahim, A. (2012) Hematological and some biochemical values of indigenous chickens in Al-Ahsa,
Saudi Arabia, during the summer season Asian Journal. Poultry Science 6(4):138-145
Jain, N.C., (1993). Essential of Veterinary Hematology, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 417
Jammoul, A., and El Darra, N. (2019): Evaluation of Antibiotic Residues in Chicken Meat Samples in
Lebanon Antibiotics, 8: (69).
Kabir, J. Umoh, V.J. Audu-okoh, E. Umoh, J.U. Kwaga, and J.K.P. (2004) Veterinary Drug Use in
Poultry Farms and Determination of Antimicrobial Drug residues in Commercial Eggs and
Slaughtered Chicken in Kaduna State, Nigeria Food Control, 15, 99–105
Karmi, M. (2014). Detection and Presumptive Identification of Antibiotic Residues in Poultry Meat by
Using FPT Global Journal of Pharmacology, 8(2), 160–165
Khattab, M. S. A.; Kholif, A. E.; Abd El Tawab, A. M.; Shaaban, M. M.; Hadhoud, F. I.; El-Fouly, H.
A.; and Olafadehan, O. A. (2020). Effect of replacement of antibiotics with a thyme and celery
seed mixture on the feed intake and digestion, ruminal fermentation, blood chemistry, and milk
lactation of lactating Barki ewes. Food Funct. 11(8):6889–6898. DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00807a
Kholif, A. E., Matloup, O. H., Morsy, T. A., Abdo, M. M., Abu Elella, A. A., Anele, U. Y., and
Swanson, K. C. (2017). Rosemary and lemongrass herbs as phytogenic feed additives to
improve efficient feed utilization, manipulate rumen fermentation, and elevate milk production
in Damascus goats. Livestock Science. 204:39–46.
Kholif, A. E.; Olafadehan, O. A. (2021). Essential oils and phytogenic feed additives in ruminant diets:
chemistry, ruminal microbiota and fermentation, feed utilization, and productive performance
Phytochemistry Reviews 20: 1087–1108
Ladokun, A. O.; Yakubu, A.; Otite, J. R.; Omeje, J. N.; Sokunbi, O. A.; and Onyeji, E. (2008).
Haematological and serum biochemical indices of Naked and Nomally Feathered Nigerian
Indigenous Chicken in the Sub-Humid Tropical Environment. International Journal of Poultry
Science. 7 (1): 55–58. https://doi. org/10.3923/ijps.2008.55.58
Linh, N. T., Guntoro, B. Qui, N. H. Khang, N. D. Dau, N. T., and Vui, N. V. (2020). The effect of a
lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) supplement on growth performance and carcass
characteristics of Pekin ducks Journal of Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, 45(2):136–
142, June 2020
Mary, D. B. (2000) Antibiotic use in animal feed and its impact on human health Nutrition Research
Reviews (2000), 13, 279–299
Matloup, O. H., Abd El Tawab, A. M., Hassan, A. A., Hadhoud, F. I., Khattab, M. S. A., Khalel, M. S.,
Sallam, S. M. A., and Kholif, A. E. (2017). Performance of lactating Friesian cows fed a diet
supplemented with coriander oil: feed intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood
chemistry, and milk production Animal Feed Science and Technology. 226:88–97.
Mitruka, B. M.; Rawnsley, H. M. (1977). Clinical biochemical and hematological reference values in
normal experimental animals USA: Masson Publishing Inc., 1977
Mitruka, H. M., and Rawnsley, S. K. (1997). Chemical, biochemical, and hemological reference values
in normal experimental animals Masson Publishing, New York, USA, 287
Mmereole, F.U.C., (2010). Effects of lemmon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) leaf meal as a feed
supplement on the growth performance of broiler chicks. International Journal of Poultry
Science, 9 (12), 1107–1111.
Mukhtar, A.M., Mohamed, K.A., Amal, O.A., and Ahlam, A.H., (2012). Effect of different levels of
lemongrass oil (LGO) as a natural growth promoter on the performance, carcass yields, and
serum chemistry of broiler chicks. Egyptian Poultry Science, 33(1), 1–7.
Olabode, A.D. Okelola, O.E. Agu, C.I. Adetutu, and O.I. (2020). Growth Performance, Serum
Biochemistry, and Haematological Characteristics of Starter Broilers Fed Graded Levels of
Lemon Grass Leaf Meal International Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences DOI:
10.5281/zenodo.3710781
Ologhobo, A. I.; Jimoh, O. A.; Orscar, T. J.; and Mosenthin, R. (1999). Evaluation of detoxified
Jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis) in broiler starter rations with amino acid supplements Tropical
Journal of Animal Science 1: 117–126.
Parade, A. K. Thombre, B. M. Patil, R. A. Padghan, P. V. Gaikwad, B. S., and Meshram, P. B. (2019).
Use of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Leaf Meal as a Natural Feed Additive on Growth
Performance and Economics of Broilers. International Journal of Current Microbiology and
Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 10
Peters,T., Biamonte,G.T.Doumas,B.T.(1982).Protein (total protein) in serum, urine, and cerebrospinal
fluid; albumin in serum. In: Selected methods of clinical chemistry, Vol.9. (W.R. Faulkner and S.
Meites, eds.) Washington, DC. American Association for Clinical chemistry.
Reinhold, G. J. (1953). Standard methods of clinical chemistry Reiner M. (Edn); Academic Press, New
York
Sariozkan, S., Konca, Y., Kocaoglu, B., Aktug, M. K., Ozkan, S., and Tugrul, S. (2016). The Effect of
Dietary Supplementation of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon Citratus) on Performance, Carcass
Quality, and Marketing of Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) J. Scientific Works, Series C.
Veterinary Medicine, 63(1): 98–103.
SAS (Statistical Analysis System) (2011) SAS Version 9.3 Procedure Guide SAS, Inc., Cary, North
Carolina
Schmidt, E. and Schmidt F. W. (1967). Release of enzyme from the liver Enzyme, Biology Clinical
Vol. 3: 1–8
Schirmeister, J., Willmann, H., and Kiefer, H. (1964). Plasma creatine as an indicator of renal function
Dtsch. Med.Wochenschr. 89: 1018–23.
Siedel, J., Schlumberger H., Klose S., Ziegenhorn J., and Wahlefeld, A.W. (1981). Improved reagent
for the enzymatic determination of serum cholesterol. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and
Clinical Biochemistry Volume 19: 838–842
Swenson, M. J. (1999). Duke’s physiology of domestic animals Constick Publishing Associates, a
division of Cornell University Press, Thecae, London, eleventh edition, pp. 22–48.
Thayalini, K., Shanmugavelu S., Saminathan P.M., Siti Masidayu M.S., Nor Idayusni Y., Zainuddin
H., Nurul Akmal C.A., Wong H.K., (2011). Effects of Cymbopogon citratus leaf and Zingiber
officinale rhizome supplementation on growth performance, ileal morphology, and lactic acid
concentration in broilers. Malaysian Journal of Animal Science, 14:43–49.
Tiwari, M. R., Jha P. K., Sah B., Kunwar G., and Jha A. K. (2018) Performance of Lemongrass
(Cymbopogon citrates) Oil as Growth Promoter in Broiler Bangladesh Journal of Animal
Science, 47(2): 85–91.
Wanapat, M., Cherdthong A, Pakdee P, and Wanapat S. (2008). Manipulation of rumen ecology by
dietary lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.) powder supplementation Journal of Animal
Science 86 (12): 3497–3503. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-0885
Yang, W. Z., C. Benchaar, B. N. Ametaj, A. V. Chaves, M. L. He, and T. A. McAllister (2007). Effects
of garlic and juniper berry essential oils on ruminal fermentation, site, and extent of digestion
in lactating cows Journal of Dairy Science. 90:5671–5681
Yan Yang, Wenqian Qiu, Yuxiang Li, and Lijing Liu (2020). Antibiotic residues in poultry food in
Fujian Province of China, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 13:3, 177-184, DOI:
10.1080/19393210.2020.1751309.
Yasir, D. N., and Ali, N. A. (2021). Effect of adding different levels of lemon grass leaves
(Cymbopogon citratus) to the diet and its extract in drinking water on the productive erformance
of broiler chickens (Ross 308). Journal of Science and Technology Research 1(1), 1-10
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