Abstract
The study examined the poverty vulnerability of smallholder rice farming households in North
West of Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 331
smallholder rice farmers using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Expected
Poverty Approach and Logistic regression Model were used to analyze the data collected for
the study. The results shows that 64.35% of smallholder rice farmers were vulnerable to future
poverty. According to the breakdown of poverty vulnerability by states, it was revealed that
poverty vulnerability was 64%, 65.97% and 62.5% in Kano, Kebbi and Jigawa States
respectively. The significant determinants of poverty vulnerability among the smallholder rice
farmers were the gender of household head, farm size, type of seeds used, access to fertilizer,
total farm income, price shocks, and natural shocks.The study concludes that poverty
vulnerability was wide spread among the smallholder rice farmers with social, economic and
natural factors as major drivers of poverty vulnerability.The study recommends prioritizing
gender mainstreaming, promoting cost-effective and sustainable access seeds and fertilizers,
commodity price management mechanism and adopting smart climate technologies to address
the underlying causes of poverty vulnerability.
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Nigeria. A dissertation submitted to the school of Postgraduate Studies, Ahmadu Bello
University, Zaria in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of
Philosophy (Ph. D) degree in Agricultural economics.
Oni,O.A. and Yusuf, S.A. (2013).Determinants of Expected Poverty Among Rural Households in
Nigeria. AERC Research Paper 183 African Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi
September 2008. ISBN 9966-778-34-9. Modern Lithographic (K) Ltd - City Square
Nairobi 00200, Kenya.
Suryahadi, A., and S. Sumarto.(2003). Poverty and Vulnerability in Indonesia before and After the
Economic Crisis. Asian Economic Journal 17(1): 45–64.
World Bank. (2022). Nigeria. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/country/nigeria
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2018 statistical update. Retrieved from
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Yusuf, A., Yusuf, K. B. , and S. A. Yusuf.(2018).Social Capital And Households’ Vulnerability
To Poverty In Asa Local Government Area Of Kwara State. Journal of Economics and
Finance (IOSR-JEF) e- ISSN: 2321-5933, Volume 9, Issue 4 Ver. III,
S.H., Toth, F. and G. Yohe, (2001).Methods and tools. In J. McCarthy et al., eds. Climate
change 2001: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge
University Press.
Adepoju, A,O, Yusuf, S.A, Omonona, B.T and Okunmadewa, F.Y.( 2011). Vulnerability Profile
of Rural Household in South West Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural
Science.Vol.3,No.1March,2011.ISSN1916-9752.Pp128-139www.ccsenet.org/jas.
Alarima, C.I, Adamu, C. O., Masunaga, T. and Wakatsuki, T. (2011). Constraints to Sawah Rice
Production System in Nigeria. Journal of Human Ecology, 36(2): 121-130 (2011.
Alayande, B., & Alayande, O. (2014). A quantitative and qualitative assessment of vulnerability
to poverty in Nigeria. In Being paper submitted for presentation of CSAE Conference on
poverty reduction, growth and human development in Africa.
Agbaje, M. A., Okunmadewa, F. Y., Omomona, B. T., & Oni, O. A. (2013). An assessment of
vulnerability to poverty in rural Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science,
8(1), 60-75.
Apata, T. G., Apata, O. M., Igbalajobi, O. A., & Awoniyi, S. M. O. (2020). Determinants of rural
poverty in Nigeria: Evidence from small holder farmers in South-western, Nigeria. Journal
of science and technology education research, 1(4), 85-91.
Bello, L. O., Baiyegunhi, L. J., Danso-Abbeam, G., & Ogundeji, A. A. (2021). Gender
decomposition in smallholder agricultural performance in rural Nigeria. Scientific African,
13, e00875.
Capaldo, J., Karfakis, P., Knowles, M., & Smulders, M. (2010).A model of vulnerability to food
insecurity.ESA Working Paper, (August), 25.
Chaudhuri, S., J. Jyotsna, and A. Suryahadi.(2002). Assessing Household Vulnerability to Poverty
from Cross-sectional Data: A Methodology and Estimates from Indonesia. Discussion
Paper Series 0102-52, Department of Economics, Columbia University.
Chaudhuri, S (2013). Assessing vulnerability to poverty: concepts, empirical methods and
illustrative examples.Unpublished Notes, Department of Economics Columbia
University.Pp 1-56.
Donkor, E., Onakuse, S., Bogue, J., & De Los Rios-Carmenado, I. (2019). Fertiliser adoption and
sustainable rural livelihood improvement in Nigeria. Land Use Policy, 88, 104193.
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United States -FAO (2018). Country-Nigeria at a
glance retrieved from http://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-aglance/
en/ on 11/10/2018.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2012). Assessment of the world
food security situation. Committee on World Food Security, 31st session, 23–26 May 2012
[Online].www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/009/j4968e/j4968e00.htm (Accessed 5/2/2018).
Fischer , G, Velthuizen, H, Nachtergaele, F and Medow, S. (2012). Global
AgroecologicalZones.Retrievedfromhttp://webarchive.iiasa.ac.at/Research/LUC/GA
EZ/index.htm.
Fujii, T. (2016). Concepts and Measurement of Vulnerability to Poverty and other Issues: A Review
Of Literature. ADBI Working Papers. No. 611 November 2016 . 1-30.
Günther, I., & Maier, J. K. (2014). Poverty, Vulnerability, and Reference‐ Dependent Utility.
Review of Income and Wealth, 60(1), 155-181.
Günther, I., and K. Harttgen.(2009). Estimating Households Vulnerability to Idiosyncratic and
Covariate Shocks: A Novel Method Applied in Madagascar. World Development 37(7):
1222–1234.
Haq, R.(2014). Quantifying Vulnerability to Poverty in a Developing Economy. Pakistan Institute
of Development Economics Islamabad. Retrieved
fromhttp://pide.org.pk/psde/pdf/AGM30/papers/Quantifying%20Vulnerability%20
to%20Poverty.pdf on 19/3/2019.
Haughton, J., & Khandker, S. R. (2009). Handbook on poverty+ inequality. World Bank
Publications.
Jaiyeola, A.O & Choga, I (2021). (2021) Assessment of poverty incidence in Northern Nigeria,
Journal of Poverty, 25:2, 155-172, DOI: 10.1080/10875549.2020.1783424.
Jha, R., & Dang, T. (2009). Vulnerability to Poverty in select Central Asian Countries. The
European Journal of Comparative Economics 6(1), 17-50.
National Bureau of Statistics ( NBS). (2018). 2010 Nigeria Poverty Profile. Abuja.Pp 1-30.
Nwachukwu, I. (2020). Solid minerals in Nigeria: An overview (1). Retrieved from
https://guardian.ng/property/solid-minerals-in-nigeria-an-overview-1/
O’Brien, K., Quinlan, T., & Ziervogel, G. (2009). Vulnerability Interventions in the Context of
Multiple Stressors: lessons from the Southern Africa Vulnerability Initiative (SAVI).
Environmental Science and Policy, 12, 23-32.
Ohaka, C.C, Adiaha MM, Amanze PC (2013). Economic Analysis Of Small Rice Production In
Ihitte- Uboma LGA of Imo State. Niger. J. Agric., Food and Environ. 9(2). 37-41.
Olabisi, A. S., Orisadare, M. A., & Olamide, A. M. (2020). The Nexus between Poverty, Inequality
and Economic Growth in Nigeria,(1980-2018).
Oladimeji, Y.U.(2015). Analysis of Poverty Status of Rural Artisanal Fisherfolks in Kwara State,
Nigeria. A dissertation submitted to the school of Postgraduate Studies, Ahmadu Bello
University, Zaria in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of
Philosophy (Ph. D) degree in Agricultural economics.
Oni,O.A. and Yusuf, S.A. (2013).Determinants of Expected Poverty Among Rural Households in
Nigeria. AERC Research Paper 183 African Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi
September 2008. ISBN 9966-778-34-9. Modern Lithographic (K) Ltd - City Square
Nairobi 00200, Kenya.
Suryahadi, A., and S. Sumarto.(2003). Poverty and Vulnerability in Indonesia before and After the
Economic Crisis. Asian Economic Journal 17(1): 45–64.
World Bank. (2022). Nigeria. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/country/nigeria
United Nations Development Programme. (2018). Human development indices and indicators:
2018 statistical update. Retrieved from
http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf
Yusuf, A., Yusuf, K. B. , and S. A. Yusuf.(2018).Social Capital And Households’ Vulnerability
To Poverty In Asa Local Government Area Of Kwara State. Journal of Economics and
Finance (IOSR-JEF) e- ISSN: 2321-5933, Volume 9, Issue 4 Ver. III,
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