Keywords
Agricultural productive resources
Empowerment
Female farmers
Illiteracy
Land
Empowerment
Female farmers
Illiteracy
Land
How to Cite
Apeh, C. C., Ukwuaba, S. I., Osuagwu, C. O., Ugwuoti, O. P., & Apeh, C. P. (2023). BARRIERS TO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVE RESOURCES AMONG FEMALE FARMERS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN ZONE OF NIGERIA. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Environment and Social Sciences, 9(2), 119-130. Retrieved from https://jaeess.com.ng/index.php/jaeess/article/view/193
Abstract
Women are the most disempowered, experiencing inadequate right to land and decision-making in agricultural production resources. The study analysed barriers in access to productive agricultural resources by women farmers in south-eastern zone of Nigeria. Purposive and random sampling methods were used in selecting 500 respondents. Percentages and Likert-scale were used in analysing the data. The results show that women had little access to most vital productive assets in the following proportion 19.8% (land), 35.4% (credit), 33.3 (extension services, 1.9% (tractor) and 1.9% (insurance). Illiteracy (mean score (MS) of 4.62), poor access to credit (MS of 4.20) and lack of government support/incentives (MS of 3.91) were the major militating factors against women farmers’ access to these productive resources. The study concluded that women were constrained with many problems in accessing productive resources. It is recommended that land tenure policies to be reviewed to favour women's access, acquisition and use of land while moderating the men’s over-hoarding of agricultural productive resources.
References
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Kassawmar, N. T., Rao, K. R. M. and Abraha, G. L. (2011). An Integrated Approach for Spatio-temporal Variability Analysis of Wetlands: A Case Study of Abaya and Chamo Lakes, Ethiopia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 180, 313-324.
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Kutiwa, S., Boon, E. and Devuyst, D. (2010). Urban Agriculture in Low Income Households of Harare: An Adaptive Response to Economic Crisis. Journal of Human Ecology, 32(2): 85 – 96.
Mougeot, J. A. L. (2000). Urban Agriculture: Definition, Presence, Potentials, Risks and Policy Challenges. In: Bakker, N., Dubbeling, M., Gundel, S., Sabel-Koschella, U. & de Zeeuw, H. (eds.) Growing Cities, Growing Food, Urban Agriculture on the Policy Agenda. A Reader on Urban Agriculture. Feldafing, Germany: Deutsche Stiftung Internationale Entwicklung (DSE). Pp. 42.
Nwaiwu, I. U., Ohajianya, D. O., Orebiyi, J. S., Eze, C. C. and Ibekwe, U. C. (2013). Determinants of Agricultural Sustainability in Southeast Nigeria. The Climate Change Debacle. International Journal of Agricultural Science Research and Technology in Extension and Education System, 5(4), 17-23. Retrieved from http://www.eajournals.org/wp-content/uploads/determinants-of-agricultural-sustainability-in-southeast-nigeria-the-climate-change-debacle.pdf
Nyantakyi-Frimpong, H. (2017). Agricultural Diversification and Dietary Diversity: A Feminist Political Ecology of the Everyday Experiences of Landless and Smallholder Households in Northern Ghana. Geoforum, 86, 63-75.
Nyongesa, D., Esilaba, A. O., Emongor, R., Bikketi, E. and Were, K. (2017). Assessment of Gender and Innovations in Climate-Smart Agriculture for Food and Nutrition Security in Kenya: A Case of Kalii Watershed. International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology, 13(2), 109-137.
Ogato, G. S., Boon, E. K. and Subramani, J. (2009). Improving Access to Productive Resources and Agricultural Services through Gender Empowerment: A Case Study of Three Rural Communities in Ambo District, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Ecology, 27(2), 85-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2009.11906196
Ogundela, Y. and Mukhtar, A. (2009). Gender issues in agriculture and rural development in Nigeria: The Role of Women. Hum. Soc. Sci. 4(1), 19-30.
Ogunlela, Y. I. and Muhktar, A. A. (2009). Gender Issues in Agriculture and Rural Development in Nigeria: The Role of Women. Humanity & Social Sciences Journal, 4(1): 19-30.
Ogwumike, F. O. (2001). Current State of knowledge on Poverty in Nigeria. In: Afonja S, Adelekan D, Soetan F, Alimi T, Ayanwale B. (eds) Research and Policy Directions on Poverty in Nigeria. Centre for Gender and Social Policy Studies, p. 24–34.
Ojo, C. O., Bila, Y. and Iheanacho, A. C. (2015) Women’s Accessibility to Resources of Agricultural Productivity in Borno State, Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development. 6(5).
Onyekuru, A.N. & Apeh, C.C. (2017). Assessing the Use and Determinants of Households’ Adoption of Improved Cook Stove in Nigeria: Empirical Evidence from Enugu State. Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.9734/AJEE/2017/35281
Parveen, S. (2008). Access of Rural Women to Productive Resources in Bangladesh: A Pillar for Promoting their Empowerment. International Journal of Rural Studies, 15(1):1-8.
Sheahan, M. and Barrett, C. B. (2014). Understanding the Agricultural Input Land-scape in Sub-Saharan Africa: Recent Plot, Household, and Community-Level Evidence. Policy Research Working Paper 7014. World Bank, Washington, DC.
Soetan, R. O. (2001). Culture, Gender and Development: A Report Submitted to the African Institute for Economic Development and Planning (IDEP), Ile-Ife, Nigeria: The Centre for Gender and Social Policy Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University; 42–55.
SOFA Team and Doss, C. (2011). The Role of Women in Agriculture. ESA Working Paper NO. 11–02. Agricultural Development Economics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Sullivan, O., Billari, F. C. and Altintas, E. (2014). Fathers’ Changing Contributions to Child Care and Domestic Work in Very Low-fertility Countries: The Effect of Education. Journal of Family Issues, 35(8), 1048 – 1065.
Thamaga-Chitja, J. M. and Morojele, P. (2014). The Context of Smallholder Farming in South Africa: Towards a Livelihood Asset Building Framework. Journal Human Ecology, 45(2): 147–155.
Ugwuoti, O. P., Apeh, A. C., Apeh, C. C., Osuagwu O. C. (2023). Analysis of the Smallholder Farmers Information Needs on Climate Change in Southeast, Nigeria. RJOAS: Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 2(134), 107 – 113. https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2023-02.11
Wahaj, R. and Hartl, M. (2007). Securing Water for Improved Rural Livelihoods: The Multiple-uses System Approach. Rome, Italy: International Fund for Agricultural Development.
World Bank (2001). Engendering Development through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources and Voice. Washington, DC and London: World Bank and Oxford University Press.
World Bank (2009). Gender in Agriculture Sourcebook. Agriculture and rural development. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/intgenagrliv-soubook/Resources/CompleteBook.pdf
World Bank (2012). World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development, Washington, DC.
Adeyeye, O., Ogunleye, A. S., Wineman, A., Reed, H., Alia, D., Akinola, A. A., Bamire, A. S., Abdoulaye, T., Oni, T. O. and Ogundele, O. (2019). Does Women’s empowerment influence agricultural productivity? Evidence from rural households in Northern Nigeria. Proceedings of the 6th African Conference of Agricultural Economists, September 23 – 26, Abuja, Nigeria.
Aina, O. I. (2011). Promoting Gender Equality for Sustainable Development. A Paper Presented at a 2-Day Gender Summit Organised by the Ministry of Women Affairs, Social Development and Gender Empowerment, Ekiti State, Adetiloye Hall, Trade Fair Complex, Ado – Ekiti.
Ajadi, A. A., Oladele, O. I., Ikegami, K. & Tsuruta, T. (2015). Rural Women Farmers Access to Productive Resources: The Moderating Effect of Culture among Nupe and Yoruba in Nigeria. Agriculture & Food Security, 4(26), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-015-0048-y
Ajani, O. I. Y. (2008). Gender Dimensions of Agriculture, Poverty, Nutrition and Food Security in Nigeria. Nigeria Strategy Support Program FAO – ILO-IUF 2005. (NSSP) Background Paper No. NSSP 005.
Aluko, B. T. and Amidu, A. (2006). Women and Land Rights Reform in Nigeria. Promoting Land Administration and Good Governance. 5th FIG Regional Conference, Accra, Ghana, March 8–11.
Anyiam, K. H., Igwe, K. C. and Henry-Ukoha, A. (2019). Determinants of Productivity of Farmlands in Imo State. Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 17(2), 74-85. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jafs.v17i2.7
Apeh, C. C. (2018). Farmer’s Perception of the Health Effects of the Use of Agrochemicals in Southeast Nigeria. Journal of Health & Pollution, 8(19):180901. https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-8.19.180901
Apeh, C. C., Ugwuoti, O. P. & Apeh, A. C. (2023). Analysis of the Consumption Patterns of Cassava Food Products Amongst Rural Households in Imo State, Nigeria. Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science (GJAS), 58(1), 100 - 110. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjas.v58i1.9
City Population (2023). Nigeria: States & Cities. Retrieved from www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/cities/
Damisa, M. A. and Yohanna, M. (2007). Role of Rural Women in Farm Management Decision Making Process: Ordered Probit Analysis. Trends in Applied Science Research. 2: 241-255.
de Zeeuw, H. (2004). The Development of Urban Agriculture: Some Lessons Learnt. In: Keynote Paper for the International Conference Urban Agriculture, Agri-Tourism and City Region Development. Beijing: RUAF.101 Gender, Productive Resources and Agricultural Development in the Urban Area.
Doss, C., Kovarik, C., Peterman, A., Quisumbing, A., and Van den Bold, M. (2015). Gender Inequalities in Ownership and Control of Land in Africa: Myth and Reality. 46(3) 403-434, https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12171
Egunjiobi, L. (1991). On the status of African women. Peace Review, 3(4): 55-58.
Ekong, E. E. (2003). An Introduction to Rural Sociology. 2nd ed. Uyo: Dove Educational Publishers.
FANRPAN (2012). Climate Smart Agriculture: More Than Technologies are Needed to Move Smallholders toward Resilient and Sustainable Livelihoods. Policy Brief, No. 2, Vol. 13. Retrieved from http://www.fanrpan.org/themes/resources/
FAO (2010). The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2010. Addressing Food Security in Protracted Crisis. Rome: FAO.
FAO (2011). Notes on Livestock, Food Security and Gender Equity. Food and Agriculture Organization Animal Production and Health Working Paper. No. 3, Rome.
Ibnouf, F. O. (2011). Challenges and Possibilities for Achieving Household Food Security in the Western Sudan Region: The Role of Female Farmers. Food security, 3, 215-231.
Iruonagbe, C. T. (2009). Patriarchy and Women’s Agricultural Production in Rural Nigeria. Professor Bassey Andah Journal of Cultural Studies. 2, 207-222.
Kassawmar, N. T., Rao, K. R. M. and Abraha, G. L. (2011). An Integrated Approach for Spatio-temporal Variability Analysis of Wetlands: A Case Study of Abaya and Chamo Lakes, Ethiopia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 180, 313-324.
Kieran, C., Sproule, K., Doss, C., Quisumbing, A. and Kim M. S. (2015). Examining Gender Inequalities in Land Rights Indicators in Asia. 46(S1), 119-138, https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12202
Kutiwa, S., Boon, E. and Devuyst, D. (2010). Urban Agriculture in Low Income Households of Harare: An Adaptive Response to Economic Crisis. Journal of Human Ecology, 32(2): 85 – 96.
Mougeot, J. A. L. (2000). Urban Agriculture: Definition, Presence, Potentials, Risks and Policy Challenges. In: Bakker, N., Dubbeling, M., Gundel, S., Sabel-Koschella, U. & de Zeeuw, H. (eds.) Growing Cities, Growing Food, Urban Agriculture on the Policy Agenda. A Reader on Urban Agriculture. Feldafing, Germany: Deutsche Stiftung Internationale Entwicklung (DSE). Pp. 42.
Nwaiwu, I. U., Ohajianya, D. O., Orebiyi, J. S., Eze, C. C. and Ibekwe, U. C. (2013). Determinants of Agricultural Sustainability in Southeast Nigeria. The Climate Change Debacle. International Journal of Agricultural Science Research and Technology in Extension and Education System, 5(4), 17-23. Retrieved from http://www.eajournals.org/wp-content/uploads/determinants-of-agricultural-sustainability-in-southeast-nigeria-the-climate-change-debacle.pdf
Nyantakyi-Frimpong, H. (2017). Agricultural Diversification and Dietary Diversity: A Feminist Political Ecology of the Everyday Experiences of Landless and Smallholder Households in Northern Ghana. Geoforum, 86, 63-75.
Nyongesa, D., Esilaba, A. O., Emongor, R., Bikketi, E. and Were, K. (2017). Assessment of Gender and Innovations in Climate-Smart Agriculture for Food and Nutrition Security in Kenya: A Case of Kalii Watershed. International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology, 13(2), 109-137.
Ogato, G. S., Boon, E. K. and Subramani, J. (2009). Improving Access to Productive Resources and Agricultural Services through Gender Empowerment: A Case Study of Three Rural Communities in Ambo District, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Ecology, 27(2), 85-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2009.11906196
Ogundela, Y. and Mukhtar, A. (2009). Gender issues in agriculture and rural development in Nigeria: The Role of Women. Hum. Soc. Sci. 4(1), 19-30.
Ogunlela, Y. I. and Muhktar, A. A. (2009). Gender Issues in Agriculture and Rural Development in Nigeria: The Role of Women. Humanity & Social Sciences Journal, 4(1): 19-30.
Ogwumike, F. O. (2001). Current State of knowledge on Poverty in Nigeria. In: Afonja S, Adelekan D, Soetan F, Alimi T, Ayanwale B. (eds) Research and Policy Directions on Poverty in Nigeria. Centre for Gender and Social Policy Studies, p. 24–34.
Ojo, C. O., Bila, Y. and Iheanacho, A. C. (2015) Women’s Accessibility to Resources of Agricultural Productivity in Borno State, Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development. 6(5).
Onyekuru, A.N. & Apeh, C.C. (2017). Assessing the Use and Determinants of Households’ Adoption of Improved Cook Stove in Nigeria: Empirical Evidence from Enugu State. Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.9734/AJEE/2017/35281
Parveen, S. (2008). Access of Rural Women to Productive Resources in Bangladesh: A Pillar for Promoting their Empowerment. International Journal of Rural Studies, 15(1):1-8.
Sheahan, M. and Barrett, C. B. (2014). Understanding the Agricultural Input Land-scape in Sub-Saharan Africa: Recent Plot, Household, and Community-Level Evidence. Policy Research Working Paper 7014. World Bank, Washington, DC.
Soetan, R. O. (2001). Culture, Gender and Development: A Report Submitted to the African Institute for Economic Development and Planning (IDEP), Ile-Ife, Nigeria: The Centre for Gender and Social Policy Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University; 42–55.
SOFA Team and Doss, C. (2011). The Role of Women in Agriculture. ESA Working Paper NO. 11–02. Agricultural Development Economics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Sullivan, O., Billari, F. C. and Altintas, E. (2014). Fathers’ Changing Contributions to Child Care and Domestic Work in Very Low-fertility Countries: The Effect of Education. Journal of Family Issues, 35(8), 1048 – 1065.
Thamaga-Chitja, J. M. and Morojele, P. (2014). The Context of Smallholder Farming in South Africa: Towards a Livelihood Asset Building Framework. Journal Human Ecology, 45(2): 147–155.
Ugwuoti, O. P., Apeh, A. C., Apeh, C. C., Osuagwu O. C. (2023). Analysis of the Smallholder Farmers Information Needs on Climate Change in Southeast, Nigeria. RJOAS: Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 2(134), 107 – 113. https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2023-02.11
Wahaj, R. and Hartl, M. (2007). Securing Water for Improved Rural Livelihoods: The Multiple-uses System Approach. Rome, Italy: International Fund for Agricultural Development.
World Bank (2001). Engendering Development through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources and Voice. Washington, DC and London: World Bank and Oxford University Press.
World Bank (2009). Gender in Agriculture Sourcebook. Agriculture and rural development. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/intgenagrliv-soubook/Resources/CompleteBook.pdf
World Bank (2012). World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development, Washington, DC.
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