Abstract
The study analyzed Resource use efficiency of pepper production in Takum and Donga LGAs
of Taraba State. The specific objectives of the study were to describe the socio-economic
characteristics of pepper farmers, estimate the costs and returns associated with pepper
production, determine resource use efficiency of pepper farming, and identify the major
constraints associated with pepper production in the study area. Data were collected from 134
pepper farmers in the 2021/2022 cropping season using structured questionnaires. The data
were analyzed using descriptive statistics, farm budgeting techniques, inferential statistics and
the Likert scale. The findings showed that most of the pepper farmers (78.3%) were within the
age range of 15 to 45 years, with majority (82.1% being) male, and most (85.07%) having a
household size of between 1-10 persons. The venture gave a gross margin of ₦451,250 per
hectare and the return on every naira invested was 1.22 which showed that pepper production
in the area was profitable. The results on factors influencing pepper production indicated that
labour and fertilizer were statistically significant at 1% level while agrochemical at 10%. The
results also indicated that labour was underutilized while fertilizer and agrochemical were
over utilized. Major constraints identified were lack of extension services and credit facilities.
It was recommended that emphases be made in improving the educational and cultural
characteristics of farmers in the area because it influences efficiency greatly. It was further
recommended that, trainings on how to utilize farm inputs and formation of viable cooperative
societies that will link up farmers to sources of credits and inputs are equally imperative.
References
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Pepper Farmers in Delta State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension,
Economics & Sociology, 27(2): 2-7.
Adekola, O., Abubakar, B., & Abdul-Mumini, K. (2015). Physio-chemical characteristics of
borehole water quality in Gassol, Taraba state Afican journal of environmental science
and technology, 9(2): 143-154
Adesina, A., & Ajato, K. K. (1996). Farm Size, Relative Efficiency and Agrarian Policy in
Cote d‟ivoire: Profit Function Analysis of Rice farms. Journal of Agricultural
Economics and Extension, 14(1): 93-102.
Adeyemo, J. M. (2009). Economic efficiency of vegetables in Ogun state, Nigeria. Journal of
Agriculture and food security, 2(1): 56-70
Amaza, P. S., & Olayemi, J. K (2000). The Influence of Education and Extension Contact on
Food Crop Production in Gombe State; Nigeria Journal of Agribusiness and Rural
Development, 1(1):80-90
Ayorinde, I. O. (2011). Growth and yield of hot pepper (Capsicum frutescencs) as influenced
by bed width and within row spacing. Ms.c Thesis Submitted to the department of
horticulture, College of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Agriculture
Abeokuta, Ogun state.
Bamidele, F. S., Abayomi, O. O. & Esther O.A. (2010). Economic Analysis of Rice
consumption patterns in Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology, 5(3):
123-143.
Choumbou, R., Fani, D., & Henrietta, U. (2020). Perceived effects of climate change on profit
efficiency among small scale Chili Pepper marketers in Benue state, Nigeria.
Geography Journal, 2(4): 27-35
Coelli, T. J. & Battesse, G. E. (1998). Prediction of firm level technical efficiency with a
generalized frontier production function and panel data. Journal of Economics.3:381
399.
Coelli, T. J., Rao, D. S. P. & Battese, G. E. (2005). Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity
Analysis, 2nd edition, Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Springeronline.com,
pp331.
Corral, L. & Reardon, T. (2001). Rural farm Incomes in Nicaragua. World Development, 29(3):
427 – 442.
Ekunwe, P. A., Orewa, S. I., & Emokaro, C. O. (2013). Resource Use Efficiency in Yam
Production in Deltaand Kogi State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agricultural Research,
2(2):61–69.
Farrel, O. M. (1957). The Measurement of Productive Efficiency, Journal of Royal Statistical
Society, 3:253-290
Girei, A. A., & Saingbe, N. D. (2018). Economics of Small-Scale Maize Production in Toto
Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. African Journals Online, 18(1): 8
Goni, M., Mohammed, S., & Baba, B. A. (2007). Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Rice
Production in the Lake Chad Area of Borno State, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable
Development in Agriculture and Environment, 3:31-37.
Grubben, G. J. H., El-Tahir, I. M., & Denton, O. A. (2010). Plant Resources of Tropical Africa
2, Vegetables Prota Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands/Backhugs. Pp559-567.
Idowu-agida, O. O., Nwaguma, E. I., & Adeoye, I. B. (2010). Cost Implication of Wet and Dry
Season Pepper Production in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria, Agriculture and Biology
Journal of North America, 2(4): 215-235
Iyabo, A., Ayodele, F., & Idris, M. (2014). Analysis of Technical Efficiency of Pepper
Production among Farmers under Tropical Conditions. International Journal of
Vegetable Science, 20(2):124-130.
Kadiri, F. A., Eze, C. C., Orebiyi, J. S., & Onyeagocha, S. U. O. (2014). Resource-Use and
Allocative Efficiency of Paddy Rice Production in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria.
Global Journal of Agricultural Research, 2(4): 11–18.
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and other tasty Recipes. Pp 2-9.
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Drugs and Cosmetics, 3rd Edition, New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc, Pp 657.
Mohammed, B. (2015). Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency and Profitability of Soybean
Production in Bauchi State. International Journal of Agricultural science, 12(3):1-9.
Mussema, N., & Haramaya, R. (2006). Analysis of Red Pepper Marketing: The Case of Alaba
and Siltie of Ethiopia. M.Sc Thesis (Agricultural Economics) pp153. Haramaya
(Ethiopia): Haramaya University.
National Population Commission (NPC), (2006). Census figure for Nigeria National
Population Commission.
Ocheni, S. I. (2015). Impact of Fuel Price Increase on the Nigerian Economy. Mediterranean
Journal of Social Sciences, 6(1): 560-570.
Odebode, S. O. (2007). Gender Participation of Melon Farmers in Ibarapa Area of Oyo State,
Nigeria. Agricultural Journal, 2(1): 108-111.
Ogunbo, (2015). Resource-Use Efficiency and Optimal Farm Plan in Pepper (Capsicum Spp.)
Production in Ogun State, Nigeria African Journal of Food, Agriculture and
Development .15(4).
Okike, I. K. (2006). Crop-Livestock Interaction and Economic Efficiency of Farmers in
Savanna Zone of Nigeria. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Agricultural
Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Oladele, O. I. (2011). Contribution of Indigenous Vegetables and Fruits to Poverty Alleviation
in Oyo State, Nigeria Journal of Human Ecology (Delhi, India), 34(1):1-6.
Oladoja, M. A., Adisa, B. O., & Ahmed-Akinola, A. A. (2006). Effectiveness of
Communication Methods Used in Information Delivery to Cocoa Farmers in Oluyole
Local Government Area, Oyo State. The Ogun Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4: 78
88.
Olayide, S. O. & Heady, E. O. (1982). Introduction to Agricultural Production Economics,
University Press Ibadan, Nigeria. Pp 55-65.
Olukosi, J. O. & Erhabor, P. O. (1988). Introduction to Farm Management Economics:
Principles and Applications. Agitab Publishers Limited, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria, Pp 77
83.
Omoyiwola, O. O. & Gylych, J. (2017). Empirical Study of Agriculture on Economic Growth:
The Case of Nigeria. Department of Economics, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja
Nigeria, 16(2): 26-35
Rahji, M. & Omotesho O. A. (2006). Technical Inefficiency and Comparativeness in
Production: The Case of Rice Farmer in Niger State. Journal of Agriculture and Food
Development, 8(1&2): 67-76.
Reuben, J. & Barau, A. (2012). Resource Use Efficiency in Yam Production in Taraba State
Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science, 3(2):71-77.
Rutgers, A. (2018). Assessment on Profitability of Red Pepper Production in Shashogo District,
Southern Ethiopia. Pp 56.
Saito, K. A., Mekonnen, H. &Spurling, D. (1994). Raising Productivity of Women Farmers in
Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank Discussion Paper 230: 9-12. Washington, D.C.
Sajeev,
K.
&
Kochi,
F.
(2021).
Thehindubusiness.com/market/commodities Pp1-5
Pepper
Production.
Sani, A., Taru, V. B., Kyagya, I. Z., Mshelia, S. I., & Adebayo, E. F. (2013). Economic
Efficiency of Resource Use in Groundnut Production in Northeastern States of Nigeria.
World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(5): 896-900.
Senai, W. A. (2010). Legislative Regulation of Traditional Medicinal Knowledge in Issues and
Alternatives. Law, Environment and Development Journal, 6(2):1–37.
Shehu, U. A., Ibrahim, A. I, Hassan, T., & Bello, M. (2017). Analysis of Resource Use
Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa-Balewa Local Government of
Bauchi State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 1:59-65.
Suleiman, A., & Isah, S. I. (2010). Spatial Integration of Selected Markets of Dried Chilli
Pepper and Ginger in Northern Nigeria. Savannah Journal of Agriculture 5: 29-37.
Tahir, A. D., Ghide, A. A., Ibrahim, U. S. and Abba, I. Y. (2021). Economic Analysis of Small
Scale Tomato Production in Jere Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria.
Journal of Agriculture and Human Ecology. 5(2): 21-28.
Taphee, B. G., Agbo, F. U., & Okorji, E. C. (2015). Resources Productivity and Efficiency of
Small Scale Groundnut Farmers in Taraba State, Nigerian Journal of Biology,
Agriculture, 5(17): 24-26.
16
Taraba State Government (TRS 2021). Taraba State Official Diary, Government Printing Press,
Jalingo. Pp30-33.
Upton, M. S, Girei, A. A, Dire, B., Illiya, M. M., & Salihu, M. (2013). Stochastic Frontier
Production on the Resource Use Efficiency of Fadama II Crop Farming in Adamawa
State, Nigeria. European Journal of Agriculture and forestry, 1(2) 1-15.
Vibeke, B., Henning, B., & Andre, F. V. (2020) Why Agricultural Production in Sub-Saharan
Africa Remains Low Compared to the Rest of the World: Historical Perspective
International Journal of Water Resources Development, 36(1): 20-53.
Pepper Farmers in Delta State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension,
Economics & Sociology, 27(2): 2-7.
Adekola, O., Abubakar, B., & Abdul-Mumini, K. (2015). Physio-chemical characteristics of
borehole water quality in Gassol, Taraba state Afican journal of environmental science
and technology, 9(2): 143-154
Adesina, A., & Ajato, K. K. (1996). Farm Size, Relative Efficiency and Agrarian Policy in
Cote d‟ivoire: Profit Function Analysis of Rice farms. Journal of Agricultural
Economics and Extension, 14(1): 93-102.
Adeyemo, J. M. (2009). Economic efficiency of vegetables in Ogun state, Nigeria. Journal of
Agriculture and food security, 2(1): 56-70
Amaza, P. S., & Olayemi, J. K (2000). The Influence of Education and Extension Contact on
Food Crop Production in Gombe State; Nigeria Journal of Agribusiness and Rural
Development, 1(1):80-90
Ayorinde, I. O. (2011). Growth and yield of hot pepper (Capsicum frutescencs) as influenced
by bed width and within row spacing. Ms.c Thesis Submitted to the department of
horticulture, College of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Agriculture
Abeokuta, Ogun state.
Bamidele, F. S., Abayomi, O. O. & Esther O.A. (2010). Economic Analysis of Rice
consumption patterns in Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology, 5(3):
123-143.
Choumbou, R., Fani, D., & Henrietta, U. (2020). Perceived effects of climate change on profit
efficiency among small scale Chili Pepper marketers in Benue state, Nigeria.
Geography Journal, 2(4): 27-35
Coelli, T. J. & Battesse, G. E. (1998). Prediction of firm level technical efficiency with a
generalized frontier production function and panel data. Journal of Economics.3:381
399.
Coelli, T. J., Rao, D. S. P. & Battese, G. E. (2005). Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity
Analysis, 2nd edition, Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Springeronline.com,
pp331.
Corral, L. & Reardon, T. (2001). Rural farm Incomes in Nicaragua. World Development, 29(3):
427 – 442.
Ekunwe, P. A., Orewa, S. I., & Emokaro, C. O. (2013). Resource Use Efficiency in Yam
Production in Deltaand Kogi State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agricultural Research,
2(2):61–69.
Farrel, O. M. (1957). The Measurement of Productive Efficiency, Journal of Royal Statistical
Society, 3:253-290
Girei, A. A., & Saingbe, N. D. (2018). Economics of Small-Scale Maize Production in Toto
Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. African Journals Online, 18(1): 8
Goni, M., Mohammed, S., & Baba, B. A. (2007). Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Rice
Production in the Lake Chad Area of Borno State, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable
Development in Agriculture and Environment, 3:31-37.
Grubben, G. J. H., El-Tahir, I. M., & Denton, O. A. (2010). Plant Resources of Tropical Africa
2, Vegetables Prota Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands/Backhugs. Pp559-567.
Idowu-agida, O. O., Nwaguma, E. I., & Adeoye, I. B. (2010). Cost Implication of Wet and Dry
Season Pepper Production in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria, Agriculture and Biology
Journal of North America, 2(4): 215-235
Iyabo, A., Ayodele, F., & Idris, M. (2014). Analysis of Technical Efficiency of Pepper
Production among Farmers under Tropical Conditions. International Journal of
Vegetable Science, 20(2):124-130.
Kadiri, F. A., Eze, C. C., Orebiyi, J. S., & Onyeagocha, S. U. O. (2014). Resource-Use and
Allocative Efficiency of Paddy Rice Production in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria.
Global Journal of Agricultural Research, 2(4): 11–18.
Kate, N. G. & Merker, Y. D. (2019). Different types of Peppers to add to Salads, Stir-Fries,
and other tasty Recipes. Pp 2-9.
Leung, A. Y, & Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food
Drugs and Cosmetics, 3rd Edition, New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc, Pp 657.
Mohammed, B. (2015). Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency and Profitability of Soybean
Production in Bauchi State. International Journal of Agricultural science, 12(3):1-9.
Mussema, N., & Haramaya, R. (2006). Analysis of Red Pepper Marketing: The Case of Alaba
and Siltie of Ethiopia. M.Sc Thesis (Agricultural Economics) pp153. Haramaya
(Ethiopia): Haramaya University.
National Population Commission (NPC), (2006). Census figure for Nigeria National
Population Commission.
Ocheni, S. I. (2015). Impact of Fuel Price Increase on the Nigerian Economy. Mediterranean
Journal of Social Sciences, 6(1): 560-570.
Odebode, S. O. (2007). Gender Participation of Melon Farmers in Ibarapa Area of Oyo State,
Nigeria. Agricultural Journal, 2(1): 108-111.
Ogunbo, (2015). Resource-Use Efficiency and Optimal Farm Plan in Pepper (Capsicum Spp.)
Production in Ogun State, Nigeria African Journal of Food, Agriculture and
Development .15(4).
Okike, I. K. (2006). Crop-Livestock Interaction and Economic Efficiency of Farmers in
Savanna Zone of Nigeria. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Agricultural
Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Oladele, O. I. (2011). Contribution of Indigenous Vegetables and Fruits to Poverty Alleviation
in Oyo State, Nigeria Journal of Human Ecology (Delhi, India), 34(1):1-6.
Oladoja, M. A., Adisa, B. O., & Ahmed-Akinola, A. A. (2006). Effectiveness of
Communication Methods Used in Information Delivery to Cocoa Farmers in Oluyole
Local Government Area, Oyo State. The Ogun Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4: 78
88.
Olayide, S. O. & Heady, E. O. (1982). Introduction to Agricultural Production Economics,
University Press Ibadan, Nigeria. Pp 55-65.
Olukosi, J. O. & Erhabor, P. O. (1988). Introduction to Farm Management Economics:
Principles and Applications. Agitab Publishers Limited, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria, Pp 77
83.
Omoyiwola, O. O. & Gylych, J. (2017). Empirical Study of Agriculture on Economic Growth:
The Case of Nigeria. Department of Economics, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja
Nigeria, 16(2): 26-35
Rahji, M. & Omotesho O. A. (2006). Technical Inefficiency and Comparativeness in
Production: The Case of Rice Farmer in Niger State. Journal of Agriculture and Food
Development, 8(1&2): 67-76.
Reuben, J. & Barau, A. (2012). Resource Use Efficiency in Yam Production in Taraba State
Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science, 3(2):71-77.
Rutgers, A. (2018). Assessment on Profitability of Red Pepper Production in Shashogo District,
Southern Ethiopia. Pp 56.
Saito, K. A., Mekonnen, H. &Spurling, D. (1994). Raising Productivity of Women Farmers in
Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank Discussion Paper 230: 9-12. Washington, D.C.
Sajeev,
K.
&
Kochi,
F.
(2021).
Thehindubusiness.com/market/commodities Pp1-5
Pepper
Production.
Sani, A., Taru, V. B., Kyagya, I. Z., Mshelia, S. I., & Adebayo, E. F. (2013). Economic
Efficiency of Resource Use in Groundnut Production in Northeastern States of Nigeria.
World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(5): 896-900.
Senai, W. A. (2010). Legislative Regulation of Traditional Medicinal Knowledge in Issues and
Alternatives. Law, Environment and Development Journal, 6(2):1–37.
Shehu, U. A., Ibrahim, A. I, Hassan, T., & Bello, M. (2017). Analysis of Resource Use
Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa-Balewa Local Government of
Bauchi State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 1:59-65.
Suleiman, A., & Isah, S. I. (2010). Spatial Integration of Selected Markets of Dried Chilli
Pepper and Ginger in Northern Nigeria. Savannah Journal of Agriculture 5: 29-37.
Tahir, A. D., Ghide, A. A., Ibrahim, U. S. and Abba, I. Y. (2021). Economic Analysis of Small
Scale Tomato Production in Jere Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria.
Journal of Agriculture and Human Ecology. 5(2): 21-28.
Taphee, B. G., Agbo, F. U., & Okorji, E. C. (2015). Resources Productivity and Efficiency of
Small Scale Groundnut Farmers in Taraba State, Nigerian Journal of Biology,
Agriculture, 5(17): 24-26.
16
Taraba State Government (TRS 2021). Taraba State Official Diary, Government Printing Press,
Jalingo. Pp30-33.
Upton, M. S, Girei, A. A, Dire, B., Illiya, M. M., & Salihu, M. (2013). Stochastic Frontier
Production on the Resource Use Efficiency of Fadama II Crop Farming in Adamawa
State, Nigeria. European Journal of Agriculture and forestry, 1(2) 1-15.
Vibeke, B., Henning, B., & Andre, F. V. (2020) Why Agricultural Production in Sub-Saharan
Africa Remains Low Compared to the Rest of the World: Historical Perspective
International Journal of Water Resources Development, 36(1): 20-53.
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