Keywords
Cost of illness
Food Security
Health Expenditure
Ogun State,
Rural Households
Food Security
Health Expenditure
Ogun State,
Rural Households
How to Cite
Ayodeji, O. O., Oladeji, S. O., Orumwense, L. A., Oni, T. S., & Jeremiah, O. E. (2024). EFFECTS OF HEALTH EXPENDITURE ON FOOD SECURITY STATUS OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Environment and Social Sciences, 10(2), 78-92. Retrieved from https://jaeess.com.ng/index.php/jaeess/article/view/245
Abstract
The study assessed the effect of health expenditure on the food security status of rural households in Ogun State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select 120 rural households in the study area. Data was collected from the respondents with the aid of a semi-structured questionnaire complemented with an interview guide. Descriptive statistics, food security index, cost of illness procedure and binary logit regression model were the analytical techniques used for data analysis. Findings from the study revealed that majority (79.2%) of the respondent were male, married (90.8%), with a mean household size of 5 persons. Also, the mean age of the respondents was found to be 54 years with most of them involved in farming as their major occupation. Findings also revealed that majority of the rural households suffered from various illnesses such as malaria, waist/back pain, fever, high blood pressure, rheumatism and other illnesses with an average estimated cost of illness (₦45, 973.68 per month). The results of the food security status of the rural households revealed that a higher percentage (53.3%) of the rural households were food insecure. Factors found to significantly affect the food security status of the rural households were cost of illness (p<0.1) and other socio-economic variables such as education (p<0.1), income (p<0.05) and sex of the household head (p<0.01). Therefore, this study recommends that government should subsidize the cost of drugs and other medical expenses for poor households particularly those in the rural areas in order to reduce their financial burden on health care and increase their economic access to food.
References
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Aboaba, K. O., Fadiji, D. M. and Hussayn, J. A. (2020). Determinants of food security among rural households in southwestern Nigeria: USDA food security questionnaire core module approach. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development, 2(56):113-124.
Abu, G. A. and Soom, A. (2016). Analysis of factors affecting Food Security in Rural and Urban Farming Households of Benue State, Nigeria. International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics, 4(1): 55-58.
Adekoya, O. A. (2014). Analysis of Farm Households Poverty Status in Ogun State, Nigeria. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 4: 325-340.
Agwu, N. M. and Oteh, O. U. (2014). Analysis of Income Inequalities and Food Security Among Farmers in Abia State, South eastern Nigeria. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development.14 (3): 7-14.
Ahungwa, G. T. and Sani, R. M. (2021). Effect of Population Dynamics on Household Sustainable Food Security among the Rural Households of Jigawa State, Nigeria. Discovery Agriculture, 7(17):53-61.
Akinbode, S. O., Dipeolu, A. O., and Ibrahim, D. A. (2010). Effects of disease burden on technical efficiency among lowland rice farming households in north central Nigeria. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 7(3): 359-369.
Allison, P. D. (2012). Logistic regression using SAS: Theory and application. SAS Institute (2012).
Ayele, A. M. (2020). Determinant Factors of Food Security among Households in Northern Ethiopia: An Application of Binary Logistic Regression Model. Journal of Global Economics, 8(4): 1-7.
Ayodeji, O. O., Oladeji, S. O., Oni, T. S. and Dare-Faleye, O. E. (2024). Effect of Time Allocation on the Poverty Status of Rural Women in Ogun State, Nigeria. UNIZIK
Journal of Agricultural Economics and Extension .1 (1): 161-171
Berkowitz, S. A, Basu, S., Meigs, J. B. and Seligman, H. K. (2018). Food insecurity and health care expenditures in the United States, 2011–2013. Health Services Research, 53(3):1600-1620.
Berkowitz, S. A., Seligman, H. K., Meigs, J. B. and Basu, S. (2018). Food insecurity, health care utilization, and high cost. A longitudinal cohort study. The American Journal of Managed Care, 24(9):399-404.
Berkowitz, S. A., Basu, S., Gundersen, C. and Seligman, H. K. (2019). State-level and County-Level Estimates of Health Care Costs Associated with Food Insecurity. Preventing Chronic Disease. 16 (7):1-11.
Beyene, F. and Muche, M. (2010). Determinants of Food Security among Rural Households of Central Ethiopia. An Empirical Analysis. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, 49 (4): 299-318.
Beyene, S. D. (2023). The impact of food insecurity on health outcomes: empirical evidence from sub-Saharan African countries. BMC Public Health. 23 (1):1-22.
Chiemela, S. N., Chiemela, C. J., Apeh, C. C. and Ileka, C. M. (2022). Households Food and Nutrition Security in Enugu State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension. 26(2):11-23.
Choe, H. and Pak, T. Y. (2023). Food Insecurity, Healthcare Utilization, and Healthcare Expenditures: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. International Journal of Public Health, 68:1-9.
Dare, M. M., Ayinde, I. A., Shittu, A. M., Sam-Wobo, S. O. and Akinbode, S. O. (2019). Determinants of Cost of Treating Water-Borne Diseases Among Rural Households in South West Nigeria, Journal for the Advancement of Developing Economies, 8 (1): 26-38.
Dinkelman, T. and Ngai, L. R. (2022). Time use and gender in Africa in times of structural transformation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 36(1): 57-80.
Dutta, D. (2022). Women's burden of unpaid care work and the power of public services. In Gender, Unpaid Work and Care in India (pp. 103-120). Routledge India
Enilolobo, O. S. and Aromolaran, A. K. (2004). Food Security Problem and Coping Strategies in Ogun State, Nigeria. West African Journal of Foods and Nutrition. 7 (1): 24-33
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Fitzpatrick T., Rosella, L. C. and Calzavara, A. (2015). Looking beyond income and education: socioeconomic status gradients among future high-cost users of health care. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 49 (2):161-171.
Garcia, S. P., Haddix, A. & Barnett, K. (2018). Incremental Health Care Costs Associated with Food Insecurity and Chronic Conditions Among Older Adults. Preventing Chronic Disease, 15 (8): 1-11.
Gebre, G. G. (2021). Prevalence of household food insecurity in East Africa: Linking food access with climate vulnerability. Climate Risk Management, 33 (2):1-15.
Giller, K. E. (2020). The food security conundrum of sub-Saharan Africa. Global Food Security. 26: 1-7.
Janio, E. A. and Sorkin, D. H. (2021). Food Insecurity and Healthcare Access, Utilization, and Quality among Middle and Later Life Adults in California. Journal of Aging Health, 33:171–186.
Kabir, G. B., Azeez, F. A., Arowolo, O. V. and Nosiru, M. O. (2020). Determinants of Food Security among Forest-Based Households in Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management. 24 (7): 1293-1298.
Kassy, W. C., Ndu, A. C., Okeke, C. C. and Aniwada, E. C. (2021). Food Security Status and Factors Affecting Household Food Security in Enugu State, Nigeria. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 32(1):565–581.
Laraia, B. A, Borja, J. B. and Bentley, M. E. (2009). Grandmothers, fathers, and de-pressive symptoms are associated with food insecurity among low-income first-time African-American mothers in North Carolina. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 109(6):1042-1047.
National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration (NOAA) (2015). National Report on Climate. Federal Government of Nigeria, Abuja
National Population Commission (NPC) (2006). Census Report. Federal Government of Nigeria, Abuja.
National Population Commission (2019). Nigeria demographic and health survey 2018. Accessed at https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR359/FR359.pdf
Nkengla-Asi, L., Olaosebikan, O. D., Che, V. S., Ngatat, S., Zandjanakou-Tachin, M., Hanna, R. and Kumar, P. L. (2019). Gender norms and their implications for banana production and recovery in West Africa. In M. T. Segal, K. Kelly and V. Demos, Gender and practice: knowledge, policy, organizations. West Yorkshire, England: Emerald Publishing Limited (p. 61-75).
Obinna, A. P. and Maryann, A. C. (2024). Nexus of livelihood diversification on food security status among rural households in Agbani agricultural zone of Enugu state,91
Nigeria. Discovery Agriculture; 10 (21): 1-9
Ochola, E. A., Karanja, D. M. S. and Elliott, S. J. (2021). The impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) on health and wellbeing in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): A case study of Kenya. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(2): 1-19.
Okoro, G. I., Etuk, U. I. and Eyenobong, A. E. (2020). Determinants of Food Security Status among Farming Households in NsitAtai Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The International Journal of Humanities and Social Studies. 8 (7): 491-497.
Omonona B. T. and Agoi, G. A. (2007). An Analysis of Food Security Situation among Nigerian Urban Households: Evidence from Lagos State, Nigeria. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 8(3): 397-406.
Oyebanjo, O., Ambali, O. I. and Akerele, E. O. (2013). Determinants of Food Security Status and Incidence of Food Insecurity among Rural Farming Households in Ijebu Division of Ogun State Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment.13: 92-103.
Oyekale, T. O., Ayegbokiki, A. O. and Adebayo, T. Y. (2017). Analysis of Rural Households’ Food Security Status in Ogun State, Nigeria. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development. 1(43):163–174.
Palakshappa, D., Khan, S., Feudtner, C., and Fiks, A. G. (2016). Acute Health Care Utilization among Food-Insecure Children in Primary Care Practices. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 27(3):1143–1158.
Peltz, A. and Garg, A. (2019). Food Insecurity and Health Care Use. Pediatrics, 144 (4): 1-8.
Perez-Escamilla, R.., Gubert, M. B., Rogers, B. and Hromi-Fiedler, A. (2017a). Food security measurement and governance: Assessment of the usefulness of diverse food insecurity indicators for policy makers. Global Food Security, 14 (11): 96-104.
Richard, P., Walker, R. and Alexandre, P. (2018). The burden of out of pocket costs and medical debt faced by households with chronic health conditions in the United States. PLoS One. 13(6):1-13.27.
Sauerborn, R. N., Noutaga, A., Hiem, M. and Diesfeld, H. F. (1996). Seasonal variation of household costs of illness in Burkina Faso. Social Science and Medicine, 43(3): 281-290.
Tait, C. A, L'Abbé, M. R., Smith, P. M. and Rosella, L. C. (2018). The association between food insecurity and incident type 2 diabetes in Canada: a population-based cohort study. PLoS One, 13(5):1-14
Tarasuk, V., Cheng, J., de Oliveira, C., Dachner, N., Gundersen, C. and Kurdyak, P. (2015). Association between household food insecurity and annual health care costs. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 187(14):429-436.
World Bank, (1993): World Development Report: Investing in Health. Oxford University Press, New York
Wudil, A. H., Ali, A., Aderinoye-Abdulwahab, S., Raza, H. A., Mehmood, H. Z. and Sannoh, A. B. (2023). Determinants of food security in Nigeria: Empirical evidence from beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries rice farmers of the Kano River Irrigation Project. Frontiers in Sustainable Food System.7: 1-11
Ziliak, J. and Gundersen, C. (2011). Food insecurity among older adults. A Report Submitted to AARP Foundation, September 2014.
Aboaba, K. O., Oyekale, T. O., Adewuyi, S. A. and Adigbo, S. O. (2019). Determinants of burden of disease among rice farming households in Ogun state, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 9(2): 264-273.
Aboaba, K. O. (2020). Effects of Ill-Health Cost on Multidimensional Poverty: Evidence from Rural Households in Nigeria. Review of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 23 (2): 64-71.
Aboaba, K. O., Fadiji, D. M. and Hussayn, J. A. (2020). Determinants of food security among rural households in southwestern Nigeria: USDA food security questionnaire core module approach. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development, 2(56):113-124.
Abu, G. A. and Soom, A. (2016). Analysis of factors affecting Food Security in Rural and Urban Farming Households of Benue State, Nigeria. International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics, 4(1): 55-58.
Adekoya, O. A. (2014). Analysis of Farm Households Poverty Status in Ogun State, Nigeria. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 4: 325-340.
Agwu, N. M. and Oteh, O. U. (2014). Analysis of Income Inequalities and Food Security Among Farmers in Abia State, South eastern Nigeria. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development.14 (3): 7-14.
Ahungwa, G. T. and Sani, R. M. (2021). Effect of Population Dynamics on Household Sustainable Food Security among the Rural Households of Jigawa State, Nigeria. Discovery Agriculture, 7(17):53-61.
Akinbode, S. O., Dipeolu, A. O., and Ibrahim, D. A. (2010). Effects of disease burden on technical efficiency among lowland rice farming households in north central Nigeria. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 7(3): 359-369.
Allison, P. D. (2012). Logistic regression using SAS: Theory and application. SAS Institute (2012).
Ayele, A. M. (2020). Determinant Factors of Food Security among Households in Northern Ethiopia: An Application of Binary Logistic Regression Model. Journal of Global Economics, 8(4): 1-7.
Ayodeji, O. O., Oladeji, S. O., Oni, T. S. and Dare-Faleye, O. E. (2024). Effect of Time Allocation on the Poverty Status of Rural Women in Ogun State, Nigeria. UNIZIK
Journal of Agricultural Economics and Extension .1 (1): 161-171
Berkowitz, S. A, Basu, S., Meigs, J. B. and Seligman, H. K. (2018). Food insecurity and health care expenditures in the United States, 2011–2013. Health Services Research, 53(3):1600-1620.
Berkowitz, S. A., Seligman, H. K., Meigs, J. B. and Basu, S. (2018). Food insecurity, health care utilization, and high cost. A longitudinal cohort study. The American Journal of Managed Care, 24(9):399-404.
Berkowitz, S. A., Basu, S., Gundersen, C. and Seligman, H. K. (2019). State-level and County-Level Estimates of Health Care Costs Associated with Food Insecurity. Preventing Chronic Disease. 16 (7):1-11.
Beyene, F. and Muche, M. (2010). Determinants of Food Security among Rural Households of Central Ethiopia. An Empirical Analysis. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, 49 (4): 299-318.
Beyene, S. D. (2023). The impact of food insecurity on health outcomes: empirical evidence from sub-Saharan African countries. BMC Public Health. 23 (1):1-22.
Chiemela, S. N., Chiemela, C. J., Apeh, C. C. and Ileka, C. M. (2022). Households Food and Nutrition Security in Enugu State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension. 26(2):11-23.
Choe, H. and Pak, T. Y. (2023). Food Insecurity, Healthcare Utilization, and Healthcare Expenditures: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. International Journal of Public Health, 68:1-9.
Dare, M. M., Ayinde, I. A., Shittu, A. M., Sam-Wobo, S. O. and Akinbode, S. O. (2019). Determinants of Cost of Treating Water-Borne Diseases Among Rural Households in South West Nigeria, Journal for the Advancement of Developing Economies, 8 (1): 26-38.
Dinkelman, T. and Ngai, L. R. (2022). Time use and gender in Africa in times of structural transformation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 36(1): 57-80.
Dutta, D. (2022). Women's burden of unpaid care work and the power of public services. In Gender, Unpaid Work and Care in India (pp. 103-120). Routledge India
Enilolobo, O. S. and Aromolaran, A. K. (2004). Food Security Problem and Coping Strategies in Ogun State, Nigeria. West African Journal of Foods and Nutrition. 7 (1): 24-33
FAO (1996). Rome declaration on world food security and world food summit plan of action. Retrieved 21st August, 2024 from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3613e/w3613e00.htm.
FAO (2021): The State of Security and Nutrition in the World 2021. In The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021. https://doi.org/10.4060.cb447en FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, & WHO, (2021): The State of Food Security and Nutrition in
the World 2021.Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060.cb447en
Fitzpatrick T., Rosella, L. C. and Calzavara, A. (2015). Looking beyond income and education: socioeconomic status gradients among future high-cost users of health care. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 49 (2):161-171.
Garcia, S. P., Haddix, A. & Barnett, K. (2018). Incremental Health Care Costs Associated with Food Insecurity and Chronic Conditions Among Older Adults. Preventing Chronic Disease, 15 (8): 1-11.
Gebre, G. G. (2021). Prevalence of household food insecurity in East Africa: Linking food access with climate vulnerability. Climate Risk Management, 33 (2):1-15.
Giller, K. E. (2020). The food security conundrum of sub-Saharan Africa. Global Food Security. 26: 1-7.
Janio, E. A. and Sorkin, D. H. (2021). Food Insecurity and Healthcare Access, Utilization, and Quality among Middle and Later Life Adults in California. Journal of Aging Health, 33:171–186.
Kabir, G. B., Azeez, F. A., Arowolo, O. V. and Nosiru, M. O. (2020). Determinants of Food Security among Forest-Based Households in Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management. 24 (7): 1293-1298.
Kassy, W. C., Ndu, A. C., Okeke, C. C. and Aniwada, E. C. (2021). Food Security Status and Factors Affecting Household Food Security in Enugu State, Nigeria. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 32(1):565–581.
Laraia, B. A, Borja, J. B. and Bentley, M. E. (2009). Grandmothers, fathers, and de-pressive symptoms are associated with food insecurity among low-income first-time African-American mothers in North Carolina. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 109(6):1042-1047.
National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration (NOAA) (2015). National Report on Climate. Federal Government of Nigeria, Abuja
National Population Commission (NPC) (2006). Census Report. Federal Government of Nigeria, Abuja.
National Population Commission (2019). Nigeria demographic and health survey 2018. Accessed at https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR359/FR359.pdf
Nkengla-Asi, L., Olaosebikan, O. D., Che, V. S., Ngatat, S., Zandjanakou-Tachin, M., Hanna, R. and Kumar, P. L. (2019). Gender norms and their implications for banana production and recovery in West Africa. In M. T. Segal, K. Kelly and V. Demos, Gender and practice: knowledge, policy, organizations. West Yorkshire, England: Emerald Publishing Limited (p. 61-75).
Obinna, A. P. and Maryann, A. C. (2024). Nexus of livelihood diversification on food security status among rural households in Agbani agricultural zone of Enugu state,91
Nigeria. Discovery Agriculture; 10 (21): 1-9
Ochola, E. A., Karanja, D. M. S. and Elliott, S. J. (2021). The impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) on health and wellbeing in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): A case study of Kenya. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(2): 1-19.
Okoro, G. I., Etuk, U. I. and Eyenobong, A. E. (2020). Determinants of Food Security Status among Farming Households in NsitAtai Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The International Journal of Humanities and Social Studies. 8 (7): 491-497.
Omonona B. T. and Agoi, G. A. (2007). An Analysis of Food Security Situation among Nigerian Urban Households: Evidence from Lagos State, Nigeria. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 8(3): 397-406.
Oyebanjo, O., Ambali, O. I. and Akerele, E. O. (2013). Determinants of Food Security Status and Incidence of Food Insecurity among Rural Farming Households in Ijebu Division of Ogun State Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment.13: 92-103.
Oyekale, T. O., Ayegbokiki, A. O. and Adebayo, T. Y. (2017). Analysis of Rural Households’ Food Security Status in Ogun State, Nigeria. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development. 1(43):163–174.
Palakshappa, D., Khan, S., Feudtner, C., and Fiks, A. G. (2016). Acute Health Care Utilization among Food-Insecure Children in Primary Care Practices. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 27(3):1143–1158.
Peltz, A. and Garg, A. (2019). Food Insecurity and Health Care Use. Pediatrics, 144 (4): 1-8.
Perez-Escamilla, R.., Gubert, M. B., Rogers, B. and Hromi-Fiedler, A. (2017a). Food security measurement and governance: Assessment of the usefulness of diverse food insecurity indicators for policy makers. Global Food Security, 14 (11): 96-104.
Richard, P., Walker, R. and Alexandre, P. (2018). The burden of out of pocket costs and medical debt faced by households with chronic health conditions in the United States. PLoS One. 13(6):1-13.27.
Sauerborn, R. N., Noutaga, A., Hiem, M. and Diesfeld, H. F. (1996). Seasonal variation of household costs of illness in Burkina Faso. Social Science and Medicine, 43(3): 281-290.
Tait, C. A, L'Abbé, M. R., Smith, P. M. and Rosella, L. C. (2018). The association between food insecurity and incident type 2 diabetes in Canada: a population-based cohort study. PLoS One, 13(5):1-14
Tarasuk, V., Cheng, J., de Oliveira, C., Dachner, N., Gundersen, C. and Kurdyak, P. (2015). Association between household food insecurity and annual health care costs. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 187(14):429-436.
World Bank, (1993): World Development Report: Investing in Health. Oxford University Press, New York
Wudil, A. H., Ali, A., Aderinoye-Abdulwahab, S., Raza, H. A., Mehmood, H. Z. and Sannoh, A. B. (2023). Determinants of food security in Nigeria: Empirical evidence from beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries rice farmers of the Kano River Irrigation Project. Frontiers in Sustainable Food System.7: 1-11
Ziliak, J. and Gundersen, C. (2011). Food insecurity among older adults. A Report Submitted to AARP Foundation, September 2014.
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